Cinémathèque québécoise and France’s National Audiovisual Institute present 20th-century avant-garde music through film.

Montréal’s Cinémathèque québécoise has paired up once again with France’s National Audiovisual Institute (Ina) for a film series that focuses on sound and music. This fifth collaboration turns its focus to documentary and short films about the lives and art of contemporary, cutting-edge musicians and composers of the 20th century.

As part of its mission to collect, conserve, document and interpret film history, the Cinémathèque will screen the films every Wednesday, Thursday and Friday at 7pm during February, sharing 70 years of a vast collection of archived sound and film portraying the composers and musicians as well as some of their live performances.

The program focuses primarily on composers of concrete and electroacoustic music, joining their music with visual documentation. Starting in the 1950s with the inventor of musique concrète, Pierre Schaeffer, the documentaries and short films in the series look at how a number of big names in this genre of music used technology and innovative methods of sound production as an integral part of their work during the 20th century.

The films portray artists such as Edgard Varèse, John Cage, Michel Chion, Hermann Scherchen, Pierre Henry, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Olivier Messiaen, Iannis Xenakis, Mauricio Kagel and Cecil Taylor, and their ingenious combination of art with science and technology.

Ivan Hewett looks at the origins of musique concrète, revisited in a 60th anniversary tribute to Pierre Schaeffer

Sixty years ago, on the evening of October 5, 1948, the homes of thousands of Frenchmen and women were invaded by ghostly aliens. It happened at 9pm, when these unsuspecting music-lovers switched on to Radio France, the state broadcasting company.

They were hoping for “normal” music, but instead they were assailed with weird noises; hissing steam engines, the clanking of iron wheels and the clatter of pots and pans. Mixed in with these were the sounds of a piano playing stridently modernist music, and even — horror of horrors — an amateur orchestra tuning up.

The effect wasn’t quite the mass panic brought on by Orson Welles’s famous War of the Worlds radio broadcast in the USA. But it wasn’t far off. The letters pages of French newspapers buzzed for days with expressions of outrage, mingled with a few dissenting approvers.

This concert de bruits was a red-letter day in the annals of modern music. It was the moment when musique concrète — made from sounds recorded out in the world, rather than musical notes — came out from the laboratory and into public view. The man behind it was a quiet, intense telecommunications engineer turned composer named Pierre Schaeffer. For months he had been working in the radio station’s studio, shaping the sounds he had recorded into a musical form.

The results were a series of Études de bruits (Sound Studies), which included Étude pathétique [Étude aux casseroles], based on saucepans, and another made of railway noises entitled Étude aux chemins de fer.

It sounds like “mad professor” music, but there was nothing eccentric or dotty about Schaeffer. He had a rare combination of hands-on practicality, visionary genius, and philosophical rigour. He must have had charm and persuasiveness too. In 1942, with Paris under Nazi occupation, he somehow convinced the state broadcasting company that the time was ripe to put money into an acoustical research institute, with himself as director.

By then, aged 32, he had decided that the aural world had been fundamentally changed by the advent of recording. When a violin note, a bird call and the sound of a foghorn are recorded and played back through a loudspeaker, they are hurled together into the same democratic space of the imagination, which Schaeffer dubbed “the acousmatic realm.” Sounds are severed from their causes, and become “sound objects,” which we listen to for their own sound qualities, just as we view abstract paintings without asking what they represent.

This view required a new way of thinking. Traditional music moves from a musical score to performance; Schaeffer’s new “concrete music” moves from sounds to their organisation. But this bright new vision proved difficult to put into practice. Equipment was primitive and until the advent of the tape recorder in the late 1940s, the only way Schaeffer could capture his sounds was by cutting directly on to a steel disc with a lathe. Modifying the sounds was a trial-and-error business of speeding or slowing up the disc, or playing it backwards.

Schaeffer was determined to bring this bewildering new world of sound to order and produced his Treatise of Musical Objects in 1966.

Schaeffer’s experiments were the beginning of a trend which quickly gained support. His name may not be as notorious as Stockhausen’s, but within the new music world he is revered. “Sound Art” is now a genre in its own right, and the influence of Schaeffer can be heard in film scores and pop genres such as electronica.

So when the electronic composer Mathew Adkins set out to make a 60th anniversary tribute to Schaeffer for the Huddersfield Festival of Contemporary Music, he had no trouble in finding willing collaborators. “My idea was to ask composers and sound artists from all round the world to contribute sound objects,” he said, “and to assemble these into a continuous piece.”

The result is a 60-minute piece in eight movements [[60]Project], some of which have very Schaeffer-ish titles like Urban Soundscape and Noise Study. The sounds have a smooth sophistication that contrasts hugely with the bumpy graininess of Schaeffer’s music, but Adkins still admires his pioneering experiments.

“When I heard this music as a student, it completely blew my mind. Schaeffer set me thinking about music in a completely different way, as something that creates an imaginary world. He’s not dogmatic, he doesn’t banish familiar sounds, he absorbs them into a new vision of what could be created in sound.”

[…]

«Le grand oublié, c’est Pierre Schaeffer. C’est à lui que je dédie Oxygène», lance le compositeur [Jean Michel Jarre]. «Pierre Schaeffer, c’est une des figures les plus importantes de la musique du 20^e siècle. Il a changé la manière de penser la musique en étant le premier à dire qu’elle n’était pas seulement faite de notes mais aussi de sons et que la différence entre un son et un bruit, c’est le geste du musicien. C’est lui qui a inventé le design sonore, l’échantillonnage, le réverbéromètre. Tous les procédés de composition actuels ont été inventés par Schaeffer dans les années 40. Sans lui, je ne serais pas là aujourd’hui.»

[…]

Si les quatre soirées d’Akousma (4), qui se tiendront de mercredi à samedi au Monument-National, nous promettent «de l’électro comme jamais vue!», c’est que la vidéo prendra une part non négligeable au cœur de ces concerts de musique acousmatique.

Akousma est organisé par Réseaux des arts médiatiques, une société de concerts de musique électroacoustique fondée en 1991 par Gilles Gobeil, Robert Normandeau et Jean-François Denis. Réseaux définit la musique acousmatique de la manière suivante: «Un son acousmatique désigne un son que l’on entend sans déceler la cause physique qui lui a donné naissance; il devient possible de l’écouter pour lui-même, plutôt que de le cataloguer selon sa cause.»

La musique électroacoustique, concrète ou acousmatique, selon les termes divers utilisés, doit beaucoup au Français Pierre Schaeffer, son inventeur, à son compatriote Pierre Henry, qui a le plus «popularisé» le genre et, bien sûr, au Québec, à Francis Dhomont, auquel la précédente édition d’Akousma avait rendu hommage. On signalera d’ailleurs qu’un DVD consacré à Pierre Henry, L’Art des sons, est paru chez Juxtapositions (distribution Naxos) il y a une semaine.

Le but de Réseaux est de faire de Montréal la capitale nord-américaine de l’électroacoustique. À l’occasion d’Akousma, vingt haut-parleurs relaieront les créations conçues préalablement en studio. La soirée d’ouverture sera consacrée à l’anglo-norvégienne Natasha Barrett (Angleterre, Norvège). Jeudi, le Portugais Miguel Azguime livrera une «performance multitechnologique» mêlant audio et vidéo avec, sur deux écrans, un traitement électronique des images et du son en temps réel, additionné d’une spatialisation sonore et vocale.

Vendredi Laurie Radford dialoguera avec le Quatuor Bozzini (Québec) dans «Les ponts de l’espace», la soirée de clôture de samedi dressant un portrait de Gilles Gobeil intitulé «Exploration des grands espaces». Tous les concerts sont précédés d’un avant-programme, avec, notamment, des œuvres primées de jeunes compositeurs.

Parallèlement, des cours de maître, ateliers et conférences ouverts gratuitement au public, auront lieu avec Miguel Azguime, Natasha Barrett et Laurie Radford jeudi 29 novembre à 13h à la Faculté de musique de l’Université de Montréal.